© author Bogdan Konstantynowicz
Armand, Paszkowski, Demonets, Konstantinovich and Duflon
Orlov Denisov, Radzivill, Pociej, Trubetskoy, Bagrationi, Siedych, Wittgenstein, Armand, Paszkowski, Demonets, Konstantinovich and Duflon families in Russia, Estonia, Latvia and Belarus.
© author Bogdan Konstantynowicz
Zbrojna agresja Zwiazku Sowieckiego na Polske we wrzesniu 1939 roku a stan wojny z Sowietami po 1939.
Korpus kontrrewolucyjny gen. Dowbor Musnickiego 1917 / 1918
Genealogy of the Wankowicz family from Belarus
© Duflon and Konstantynowicz Company in St Petersburg and Ukraine 1904 / 1918
© Walki z sowietami po 23 wrzesnia 1939
Pictures Exhibition of Andrzej Konstantynowicz in 2011 - part four
Pictures Exhibition of Andrzej Konstantynowicz in 2011 - part three
Pictures Exhibition of Andrzej Konstantynowicz in 2011 - part two
There was a certain Konstantinovich branch from Russia in the Congress Poland after exile to Siberia (the exile to Irkutsk in 1864). Next they lived near by Makov and thereafter Ciechanov at the end of the 19th cent. and derived from Patrycjusz Konstantinovich + Anastazja nee Mierzejevski. Gavryla Konstantinovich born c. 1810 was father of Patrycjusz and Zenon, I think. The document relating to the grant of a certain estate upon this Konstantinovich branch (territory of them was situated at the border on Russia) was in Mikashovka vicarage till 1945.
Polish emigration to Russia go back to very remote epoches id est in the Tver province in the 15th cent. during duke Michal Borysovich and king Casimir IV Jagiellonian, and also in the Kursk and Orel governments and in neighbourhood of Kharkov, in basin of Kharkov river and Lopania - Doniec tributary. During the power struggles over the succession, the "False Demetrius" (1605 - 1608), a polit. adventurer posing as the son of the Tsar, arrived with Pol. assistance on the scene following famine and unrest; 1605 Pol. troops occupied Moscow and again 1610 - 1612, and also in the "Time of Troubles" (1605 - 1613) entire stream of Polish and Lithuanian rovers and Cossackes of Zarucki spilt to Astrakhan, Jaik, Tula and Archangel. A lots of noble ancestries in Russia carried Polish surnames, as Butkievich, Cholevinski, Tomashevski, Jakimovich, Dobrovolski, Teodorovski, Telakovski, Sviecicki and admitted Polish origin. A Siberian chronicles from the 17th cent. included mentions about the Polish, e.g.: Czernikowski (i.e. Chernicovski) - clerk in Ust'huta (i.e. Ust Kut) by Lena river, and next he was head of Albazin area (basin of Amur) i.e. Daurien region; functionary Jerzy Krzyzanowski (Krzyshanovski) in Okhotsk. Jan (Ivan) Bialobocki, Polish nobleman from a Przemysl region, son of Polish colonel, arrived in Moscow A.D. 1681 and next he worked in Russian diplomacy e.g. in China. Prof. V. Kluchevskij wrote on Polish, Ukrainian and Lithuanian teachers in tsar court in the 17th cent. (e.g. Szymon Polocki). We know about a court painters: Stanislaw Lopucki, Jan Mirowski et ceteri, about Polish musicians in Russian court: Jerzy Proskurowski, Jan Kolendo, Mikolaj Dylecki from Vilna, Bogdan Zawalski, Kazimierz Wasilewski, Szymon Gutowski in 1667 at alii according to Prof. Janusz Tazbir. Polish customs prevailed over Russian one at the tsarist court under Fiodor III Aleksandrovich (1676 - 1682) and his wife Agafia Gruszecki, Polish noblewoman from the Smolensk government. The Kiev Orthodox Academy was determined as Polish - Latinized until 1742. Polish - Ukrainian architect Ivan Zarudny acted in Moscow, and Lazarz Baranowicz from Chernigov who had published a lot of Polish books in Novgorod Seversky.
Just after the Partitions of Poland (1772 - 1795), the Polish abundantly poured into Russia, and a description had given Karol Lubicz Chojecki, insurgent of Counter - Confederation of Bar (1768 - 1772); he met the Polish in exile in Kazan, Tara and Tobolsk - about here since 1733 / 1735, id est during the Pol. War of Succession, when Rus. troops forced the election of August III of Saxony, the Austro - Rus. candidate to the throne, over Stanislas Lesczinski, the Fr. candidate. The same Chojecki met Polish exiles in Orel and Kaluga. He also met count Beniowski in Kazan (Maurycy August Beniowski 1746 - 1786, exiled to Kamchatka in 1770, an escape to Macao in 1771). The Bar insurgents stayed in different corners of Russia and Siberia 10.000 strong, according to S. W. Maksimow in "Siberia and exile" (among other things in Orenburg, Omsk and Tobolsk, where 600 insurgents got to mutiny after 1783).
Russian historian Ogloblin described mutiny in Krasnoyarsk, where stayed the Polish, too. German historian Pallas wrote about Polish exiles in Siberia in the 17th and 18th cent., by Lena (here numerous places: Polskaja Polana, Polskaja Pasznia, Polskaja Doroga) and Yenisei (near by Yeniseisk). The exiles of 1794, as Judycki, Tarnowski, Domaszewski et ceteri soon adopted Russian. The Napoleon soldiers came back from Siberia to the Congress Poland in 1815.
A Polish colonies in Moscow, Kherson (since 1784), St Petersburg, Kharkov (Andrzej Dudrewicz) and Odessa (Czacki, Stanislaw Soltyk, Jozef Drzewiecki and Michal Walicki since 1802 and next Sobanski family, Zofia Potocki, Elzbieta Branicki; Polish villages near by Odessa: Kochanowka, Marianowka, Mazurowka, Jablonskie, Zofiowka, Wandalinka, Stanislawka, Poniatowka, Potockie, Wielkie Potockie and Sewerynowka) appeared under of the Tsar Alexander I. At the same time Russian educational system was overhauled by duke Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (in 1802), priest Hieronim Stroynowski from Vilna (in 1803) and count Seweryn Potocki. Even Jozef Wybicki (1747 - 1822, leader of the Insurrection in 17944, 1795 - 1807 emigration in France) had became a supporter of the Tsar since 1813 to his death in 1822. Not a few Poles from Belarus and Lithuania had got to choose a military service in the Russian Army since the end of the 18th cent.: about 12.000 Polish soldiers performed a military service in Russian Army in 1794, but only 3.000 in 1795. Two regiments, Polish and Tartar - Lithuanian (with colonel Jakub Mustafa Baranowski, general in 1812), had organized just in 1797, and five regiments in 1807: the Volhynia regiment, Lubnie one, Tartaran, Lithuanian and Polish. We can to estimate total of the Polish in Russian Army in 1812 - about 4500 Polish volunteers in all army (generally about 500 Polish officers: in the 1st West Army and 2nd Russian West Army served 244 officers from Byelorussian governments and from Ukraine, e.g. Wladyslaw Branicki son of Ksawery, colonel in 1812; colonels: Karol Kunicki, Ulan - Polanski from Lithuania and Leon Skorulski from Lithuania, too; major Jan Chlewinski from Ukraine) according to Jaroslaw Czubaty.
New waves of Polish exiles were getting to pour into Russia and Siberia after plots of Walerian Lukasinski (1819 - 1823) and the Filaret Society (1817 - 1823): Adam Mickiewicz, Zan, Jan Czeczot (born 1796 or 1797 - died 1847, exiled to Russian inland, discharged in 1841), Jezewski and Prof. Jozef Kowalewski - orientalist in Mongolia and China; Alexander Chodzko - next in Persia; Jan Witkiewicz in Turkestan.
At the same time with shutdown of the Vilna University (in 1831) and College of Krzemieniec, opened up, activated Polish law and theological faculties in Moscow and St Petersburg, and next started off influx of Poles. At University of Kharkov lectured: Dudrewicz vice-chancellor, Jan Krynski - zoologist, A. Walicki - Hellenic scholarship, Grzegorz Hreczyn - mathematician, Alexander Mickiewicz - brother of Adam, poet - author of "Law Encyclopedia"; the Kharkov College: Jozef Korzeniowski - director and novelist. In the Odessa Richelieu College: Wladyslaw Jurgiewicz - historian. Prof. Wladyslaw Dybowski (1838 - 1910, brother of Benedykt) lectured at University of Dorpat (Tartu) till 1878. The Universities of Moscow, Kharkov and Kazan were created on Polish educational models.
Large
exile after the November Insurrection 1830 - 1831:
Siberia
(in Omsk stayed priest Sierocinski and doctor Szokalski organized a Siberian plot
with
Dzurdzylowski i.e. Dshurdshylovski, Jablonowski at 60, Zagorski), Russia and Caucasus. At the same time,
poor and slight nobility from Belarus
and Lithuania was
exiled 54000 strong (without
recruits)
only in 1832 - 1849, and again after 1863. Just
then Piotr
Wysocki organized a plot in Aleksandrovsk near by Irkutsk (Piotr Wysocki 1797 - 1874, leader of the
November Insurrection 1830 - 1831, exiled into Siberia 1832 - 1857, discharged in
1857);
a plot of Rufin Piotrowski and his escape from Irbyt, through Archangel, Petersburg,
Riga to Konigsberg and Paris (he left a diary). Besides
Polish scientists - exiles
in Siberia: colonel
Aszewski
in Altay
mount in 1790, he researched the
bees;
Sawiczewski behind the Lake
Baikal in the Middle Siberia; Morawski in the West Siberia - produced cedar oil;
the others introduced prime wheat in East Siberia;
Budeskul or Buldeshul owned big farm
here; W.
Godlewski; Bronislaw Pilsudski (b. 1866 - d. 1918, brother of Jozef, exiled
to Sakhalin in 1887, he worked in
Vladivostok museum since 1899 till 1906, discharged
1906); Benedykt Dybowski (1833 - 1930, leader of conspiracy in Warsaw
1862 - 1864, convicted in 1864 and exiled into the East Siberia by
the Lake Baikal 1865 - 1879,
Kamchatka 1879 - 1883, exempted
from Siberia in 1884); Alexander Piotr Czekanowski (b. 1833 - d. 1876, exiled into Siberia
after 1863, expedition by Amur river 1871 -
1875);
Jan Czerski
(1845 - 1892, exiled into Siberia 1864 - 1871 and next expedition into the
East Siberia 1871 - 1883, Petersburg 1886 - 1890, again in Siberia
1891 - 1892 where died); M. Witkowski (exiled into Siberia); Waclaw Sieroszewski
(1858 - d. 1945, exiled into Siberia in
Enormous wave after uprising in 1863 - 1864 was largest of everything.
Many of them in Siberia
("The overall number of persons exiled from the Kingdom of Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine for participation in the uprising of 1863-64 reached 36.459. Between 1863 and 1868 these exiles were assigned to locations throughout the empire, with between 18.000 and 24.000 going to Siberia" according to Andrew Gentes; 18.623 persons exiled into Siberia according to W. Sieroszewski; it were exiled - regular exile mainly to Tomsk, Tobolsk and Irkutsk governments, life hard labour and penal military service - in all to Siberia about 30.000 or 38.000 persons according to anothers sources; other search: after the January Insurrection 1863 / 5 all in all exiled - since spring of 1863 by middle of 1866 - 33.958 Poles; according to Russian Home Office exiled 36.958 (among others about 10.000 to European governments) persons: 5.010 to penal military service, over 22.000 Polish exiles had gone on over Ural mount but only 6.515 - 10.000 throughout Tobolsk into Middle and East Siberia since May 1863 by 01 April 1866; throughout Krasnoyarsk proceeded on into the East Siberia only about 6.000 persons; in the West Siberia at that time 10.898 Poles settled themselves by July 1867; a Siberian archives demonstrated over 21.000 settlers i.e. life hard labour, military service under arrest and regular exiles, and together with a members of families - nearly 30.000, according to Polish governor of Tobolsk, A. I. Despot - Zenowicz = Zenovich; according to Semen Kowal from Irkutsk of 1966: 22.000 Poles - settlers in Siberia 1863 / 1869, among others 524 exiles in 1863 and 10.649 in 1864),
others in European Russia.
It had gone on 35 battles against Russians in White Russia during the January Insurrection, and otherwise 237 battles in Lithuania A.D. 1863 - 1864. In the area of former Kingdom of Poland and ex-Grand duchy of Lithuania on the whole about 400 persons were punished to death (e.g. Konstanty Kalinowski 1838 - 1864, had organized a plot in the Hrodnaa region 1861 and a conspiracy in Vilna 1862, leader of uprising in Belarus and Lithuania 1863, shot in 1864; Alexander Waszkowski 1841 - 1865, leader of the January Insurrrection, arrested in December 1864, had died 1865) and also 4000 to life hard labour in Siberia (Bronislaw Szwarce 1834 - 1904, leader of conspiracy, arrested in December of 1862 and gaoled in Shlisselburg, next exiled into Siberia till 1891), 700 (or 5.010 according to other source) to penal military service; there were confiscated 1800 noble estates only in White Russia and Lithuania; Polish language expeled from offices in Belarus in 1863. It were compulsive displaced about 250.000 in the Congress Poland, Lithuania and White Russia. About 30.000 persons in all died in the area of former Poland and Grand duchy of Lithuania during the January Insurrection. Besides about 10.000 emigrated to West.
The exiles set off an incompetent Baikal rebellion near by Irkutsk in 1866.
At first D. Bociarski,
Wieliczko, Wojszwillo and Czerniewski made up a plot in Tobolsk in May 1863, and W. Lewandowski, G.
Waszkiewicz, G. Samborski, B. Dybowski, Pawel Landowski,
Antoni Grabowski, Z. Minejko, W. Hryncewicz - Hryniewicz, I. Jamont, I. Gajbulin
and L. Zychlinski (Shychlinski) attached in
1864. M. Shaba (Zaba), K. Sosulicz, Mieduniecki, Dubowik and clerk Karpinski
acted in Tobolsk, Kurghan, Ishym, Tiumen, Irkutsk and Narym.
Halicki, Dmuchowski, Downar, Orlowski, Tombowski and Haraburda in Jalutorowsk; they were in touch
with Mokrzycki from Vilna, Rodziewicz in Riazan and W. Gromadzki in
Omsk. The organization moved to Tomsk and Z. Minejko - Strumillo, A.
Bonasewicz, Arcimowicz, Waszkiewicz and Zarembski here acted; there
were 6.000 exiles
in 1865 and 3.000 settlers in the Tomsk government. Besides they moved
to Omsk
at the
beginning of 1865 and to Irkutsk (Rutkowski and priest Pukien). The Baikal Organization
in
Irkutsk created in July
1865: E. Andreoli, J. Dworzaczek, madam Bninski; in
Nerchinsk
mine:
Mejsztowicz and Studzinski ("many worked as clerks for the Nerchinsk administration,
for example; there is a roster of the exactly 100 Poles assigned to the
Irkutsk Saltworks in
August 1864 which shows that half were working as common laborers, while
the other half were employed as foremen, cooks and
carpenters", according to Andrew Gentes);
in Czeremcha: Janusz Tur, Ignacy Wieczernicki and Ignacy
Warnachowski; in Krasnoyarsk and Rybinsk since September 1865
acted: Szlenkier, Landowski, Ratynski, Mikolaj Serno - Solowiewicz;
besides P. Landowski, doctor Zaleski, M. Serno - Solowiewicz
(after), Karol Nowakowski, K. Arcimowicz, N. Celinski and
A. Glowacki stayed in Kansk - 1.400
Poles were here. At the same time Z. Minejko, G. Waszkiewicz and A.
Okinczyc escaped from
Tomsk. W. Lewandowski (next under
arrest)
was appointed the chief of the Baikal organization with his
staff: Serno
- Solowiewicz
They
played a large part in conspiracy in Irkutsk in
1866:
K. Michalowski -
Malicki, Kostrzewski, Z. Odrzywolski, G. Szaramowicz,
Dzierzanowski, W. Pankowski, N. Celinski, K. Arcimowicz, I. Reinar, L.
Eljaszewicz, E. Wronski, K. Nowakowski and J. Dworzakowski
(Dworzaczek,
I think). At
the time 2.367 Polish exiles stayed
in Irkutsk,
among others 2.040 on life hard labour at the end of 1865. A lot of
life exiles arrived at the beginning of 1866
(3.000 in all
in April
1866).
A branches of the Baikal plots: 1.
the Akatujsk mine: M. Rytter, W. Tworowski,
M. Czechowicz, M. Cwiklinski in 1865; 2.
the Nerchinsk = Nertschinsk mine and near
by Tschita
=
Chita: F. Sokolowski, E. Ostrowski, K. Lichtanski, M. Ososko, M.
Szlezenger; 3.
the Alexandrovsk factory: J. Ohryzko, Dworzaczek, S. Pszybylko
(Przybylko
?) and
K. Michalowski; 4. Usolsk
factory
and Ust - Kut
plant:
Kazimierz Arcimowicz (next in Irkutsk), G.
Szaramowicz; 5. Listwjeniczna
village by
the Lake Baikal (L. Eljaszewicz) and Kultuk village near by Baikal
(Arcimowicz
with pseud. Kwiatkowski and also Zarembski). The Tsar had
made
the Amnesty Act on April 16th, 1866 but however the Baikal
Insurrection had broken out on June 24th, 1866 / July 07th, 1866
in Kultuk village near by
the Lake
Baikal;
commanded:
Gustaw Szaramowicz chief in Murino and Mishicha
(besides N. Celinski, J. Reinar, Eljaszewicz, Wronski, Kotkowski i.e. W.
Kostkowski, Dzierzanowski, Moszynski, Zaleski and Kostrzewski) villages and Arcimowicz in Kultuk, 721 exiles in all.
The
uprising had fallen down c. August 07th, 1866 / August 20th, 1866 after 44 days; it were
convicted 680
exiles,
and G.
Szaramowicz,
N. Celinski,
W. Kostkowski (Kotkowski ?) and J. Rajnert (i.e. Reinar) were shot down in Irkutsk
on November
14th, 1866.
It was last in the long succession of Polish
noble insurrections in the Age of Enlightenment and the epoch of romanticism and
it ended up with defeat and disaster like of previous rebellions,
i.e. in 1768/72, 1794, 1830/31, 1846, 1848, 1863/65, without victorious uprising
of 1806 in the Poznan province. Successive insurrection of 1918 also in
the Poznan region ended in full
victory.
A second amnesty
in 1868
allowed the majority of insurgents to return
home or at least transfer from Siberia to locations in European Russia. When
in 1881
Alexander III announced a third amnesty, Western Siberia had a population of
only 1.100 insurgents,
while only a couple dozen were still living in Eastern Siberia (see also Andrew
Gentes).
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